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| Foto: Hoover Institution Archives |
Between 1945 and 1950,
Europe witnessed the largest episode of forced migration, and
perhaps the single greatest movement of population, in human history. Between
12 million and 14 million German-speaking civilians—the overwhelming majority
of whom were women, old people, and children under 16—were forcibly ejected
from their places of birth in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and
what are today the western districts of Poland. As The New York Times noted in
December 1945, the number of people the Allies proposed to transfer in just a
few months was about the same as the total number of all the immigrants
admitted to the United States since the beginning of the 20th century. They
were deposited among the ruins of Allied-occupied Germany to fend for
themselves as best they could. The number who died as a result of starvation,
disease, beatings, or outright execution is unknown, but conservative
estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people lost their lives in the
course of the operation.
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